Microplastics, chlorpyrifos and their mixtures modulate immune processes in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber

Microplastics and agrochemicals are common pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. Their interaction during coexistence soils may influence their fate adverse effects on organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate how the exposure two types microplastics; polyester fibres, crumb rubber; induce changes immune parameters Porcellio scaber if co-exposure microplastics affects response induced by organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. A number parameters, such as total haemocyte count, differential phenoloxidase-like activity were assessed. In addition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) haemolymph evaluated a measure bioavailability After three weeks exposure, most noticeable measured also significantly reduced AChE seen chlorpyrifos-exposed animals. Both microplastic at environmentally relevant concentrations caused only slight which not dependent type microplastic, although differed terms chemical complexity additives. Mixtures chlorpyrifos that from individual exposures. For example, alterations some suggested (AChE activity, viability) both but increase count promoted presence fibres implying joint action. conclusion, suggests processes P. slightly changed upon can modulate other co-exposed chemicals. Further research is needed short-term long-term immunity soil invertebrates.